Task 8 - Transitions and effects

Transitions and effects are used in videos to manipulate time , for example to go back into time and go into the future. this would not be possible without transitions. you would use transitions such as the fade or wipe when you want to cut into another scene in a different location. Also when going back into time or the future you would use a fade or wipe also.

Also you would a graphic math. a graphic match is when you match two things together, an famous example in a film scene where this is used is 'Psycho', in which the a plug hole with an eye .

Furthermore you could follow the action is which you would follow the action that a person is doing in the scene to see everything they are doing, especially with movement, an good example of this used in a ilm is in 'Mr&Mrs. smith' in a scenes where there is a gun fight in a shopping market in which it follows where they shoot and who they shoot.

Multiple points of view can also be used, this will allow the audience to get everyone's perspectives in the scene, and will allow sometimes to get what a certain person's view is compared to another which can be sometimes both good and bad.

Shot variation is also used in movies, this is different shots in the same scene and will often differ from using close ups and long distance shots. An example of where this is used in the film 'Matrix' where neo is being shot at and the shot will change from when the bullets are shot form a long distance to a close up shot of him dodging them, showing good shot variation

Finally the use of manipulation of time and space is used, which allows the audience to realise when the film is going back into time by using certain transitions. An example of this in a film would be in 'The Wizard of Oz ' where the colour is changed to represent going back into the past.

in my film i have used many of the above to manipulate both space and time. in my i used a transition and effect to go back into time and jump into present, this is shown as when gone into the past the scene is in black and white and i also use a sound when i am manipulating time to show the audience clearly that this is happening, we use this when 2 people are sitting in the car and one of them have realised thy have left their phone somewhere and have go into the past to remember where it is and go to get it.. i also used the shot variation in a scene when the two people are walking into a room and have to use a card to scan to get in and we had zoomed in on this action, which is shown in the video below.

Task 7 - Creating Pace

 In all films there are many different scenes, in which the pace of the scenes are all different and have a different dration, therefore you must create pace by cutting the scenes in a way to meet the action in the film. If an audience should feel anxious and suspense then the editor would make sure the scenes are short, this would be used in an action scene, whereas a long scene would make the auidence feel more relaxed and would usually be used. However there was a film that didnt need any editing at all, this film is called 'Russian Ark' . Also when there is a trailer the editing is very fast as they want to show you as much of the film as possible, such  as in the hunger games trailer there is 37 cuts in the edit in 36 seconds, as shown below.

   

Also when creating pace the video editors would cross-cut between scenes to make the audience sieve that the two scenes that are being cross cutted are happening at the same time and both scenes are related, they are also used to go back to the past as a flashback, and it can be used to create drama and tension by keep cutting inbetween two scenes, an example of where this is used is in scream where the scenes kept cetting cross-cutted between casey going to die and her parents coming towards where she is so they might have rescued her. Another thing that an editor will do to create pace is by usng a cutaway. A cutaway is used to point out a piece of detail that an editor wants the audience to recognise without interferring from what is going on in the current situation.

The video above is my example of how you can create pace and engage the audience, i have done this by how i have cross-cutted between two people walking to get the phone first gradually making the scenes shorter to engage the viewer as it builds tension as the audience are wondering who is going to get the phone first. Also i used a cutaway in my video as we zoomed in on the phone so that the audience will know the phone is important as we are pointing it out in the video, so it grabs the audiences attention. The use of creating pace in my video  improves my video a lot as if i did not create pace then it would not engage the audience as they might find  the video boring and also the video might seem pointless as if there wasn't creating pace in the video then it would not be enjoyable as you would not be able to use cross cutting to see where the other person is at that time.

Task 6- Non Continuity Editing

Non-contuinity editing is a type of editing where there is no cutting, some editors will use this as they prefer it and is used in many films, the three films that i have chosen that have used it are ; A Bout De Souffle by Jean-Luc Goddard, The Shining by Stanley Kubrick and The Hunger Games by Gary Ross.

A Bout De Souffle was edited by Jean Luc-Goddard, and he was part of the French New Wave. The french new wave was a set of filmmakers who pushed editing to their limits in the 1950s and 1960s, they used a different typo of style compared to hollywood, this then resulted in the editing not having many cuts as it was a more relaxed way of editing. Also there is a use of jump cuts often. this is shown in the pictures below.

           Contuinity         

Jump cut 

 The shining is a film by Stanley kubrick, and shows a break in the 180 degree rule. This was used to crate a number of feelings that the audience would have, one being that they were arguing and the second is that it was more of a psycholgical battle as the film made the audience thing , especially with the ending, this then gets transferred to make the audience feel anxious, as shown in the picture below.
               

The Hunger Games by Gary Ross also shows the use of the 180 degree rule being broke, this is in the scene in the bedroom to show that the person is unfamiliar with the environment she is in, as they show more than one shot of the room , which is shown in the pictures below.

Task 5 - Continuity Editing

Continuity editing was known as the 'popular holloywood' style of editing, which was developed by early European and american film makers and directors. In particular by D.W. Griffith in his films such as the birth of a nation and intolerance.Continuity editing style ensures temporal and spatial continuity as a way of advancing narrative, using such techniques as the 180 degree rule, , match on action, and shot ,reverse shot and eye-line match

It helps to make sure that the film feels like it is moving forward. it doesn't mean you cat use flashback or flash forwards, as long as the narrative will still be seen to be progressing forward in an expected or realistic way.                  

180 Degree rule 
The 180 degree rule is a basic guideline that states that two characters (or other elements) in the same scene should always have the same left/right relationship to each other. If the camera passes over the imaginary axis connecting the two subjects, it is called crossing the line.

Eye-line match 
This technique links two shots together.We see a character looking at something off screen and then we cut to a shot of what they are looking at. This allows the audience to experience as event iin the film just as the character is experiencing it.

Match on Action
This technique links two shots together. We see a character start an action in one shot , the camera then cuts to a different angle and we see the character finish the action in the second shot. this technique ensures that the action seems like one natural and realistic movement even when the actor may have already performed it twice.

Shot, Reverse Shot
This technique links two shots together. The first shot reveals one character and then the second shot reveals the second character. This allows the audience to connect the two characters and realise that they are interacting with each other.




In the my video there are some mistakes, however we have shown the techniques used above. The main mistakes that can be consistent throughout the video is that there is too many pauses, in between the joining of the clips as there is always a second pause as two clips are merged together. However we show a match on action in the beginning of the clip as we show a person going to open a door then show them coming in from the other side, suggesting to the audience that is done in one shot.

Task Four - Montage

There are 3 different meanings to the word 'montage'. The first meaning of the word montage is is the  french term for the simply editing in film, and assembly and installation. The second meaning of the word montage comes from soviet filmmaking in the 1920's, which was thek method of juxtaposing shots to derive new meaning that did not exist in either shot alone.
The final meaning of the word 'montage' comes from hollywood and means a short segment of film in which narrative information is presented in a condensed fashion which would be based over a certain time of period.]

There was 2 main film makers, their names was Lev Kuleshov and Sergei Ersenstein. Lev Kuleshov was among the very first to theorise about the relatively young medium of the cinema in the 1920's. He argued that editing a film is like constructing a building. Brick-by-brick the building is erected.He did an experiment that proves this print. He took an old film clip of a head shot of a russian actor and inter-cut the shot with different images. When he showed the film to the people they praised the actor's acting  . The audience was able to infer meaning to the actors facial expression by cutting to other scenes that may make it seem as the person is acting in a certain way.

Sergei Eisenstein was briefly a student of Kuleshov's, but the two parted ways because they had different idea's of montage. By contrasting unrelated shots Eisenstein tried to provoke associations in the viewer, which were induced by shocks.






In the montage above is an example of a soviet montage.The intention of this soviet montage is to make the audience believe that the character is weird by cutting from the person being normal to someone doing abnormal things, creating vision that maybe the person aint as normal as he first seems. This is done as we cut from the character being normal to another person stamping their feet and acting in a strange manor. I think it is successful as it makes the audience think that at first the person is normal but after a couple of scenes makes them wonder how strange the person is.



However in this montage above is an example of a hollywood montage, the intention of the montage is create a sequence of clips to show improvements over  period of time but shorten it down, at the beginning of the montage you will see the worst bits and as the further it gets into the montage the more improvement you see. The montage makes meaning as you see the team get better due to practice over a period of time, i think it is successful as it shows the improvement as the montage goes on.

AS1-T3-From Analogue Editing To Digital Editing

Analogue Editing

Analogue editing is the cutting together of pieces of celluloid film. Traditionally films are made up images printed on acetate negatives. These are the ‘spliced’ together to form a reel of film. These are then feed through a projector at a constant speed of 24 frames per second which makes the picture appear to be moving. This is known as analogue.  The advantages of analogue editing are that many people will like this as they are quite nostalgic , which means they will like the old fashioned way of editing, also it is found quite easy by elderly people. The disadvantages of analogue editing is people may find it hard to splice the two different bits of film together, and due to digital editing, people may find it a waste of time.

The First Moviola

Before the widespread use of non-linear editing systems, the initial editing of all films was done with a positive copy of the film wok print (cutting copy in the UK) by physically cutting and pasting together pieces of film, using a splicer and threading the film on a machine with a viewer, for example a ‘Moviola’. The advantage of the Moviola is that splicing could now be done with this machine and made it much easier than doing it manually. The disadvantage of this is that some people may not like to work with machinery and may like to do it with their hands.

Video Editing

Before digital technologies became available magnetic tapes were used to store information, these are known as video tapes. Most video editing has been superseded by digital editing which is faster and cheaper.

Digital Editing 

Digital media is a form of electronic media where data are stored in digital as opposed to analogue form. Digital editing is the use of computers to order and manipulate this digital data. Digital Cinema uses bits and bytes, strings of 1s and 0s) to record, transmit and reply images, instead of chemicals on film. The whole process is electronic so there is no printing or ‘splicing’ involved. The advantage of digital editing is that there is no splicing involved therefore the mistakes will be minimal and you can delete the editing you have done if you’re not happy with it and try to edit it again. The disadvantage is that there might not be people up to date with all the digital editing and will therefore not know how to use or some may prefer analogue editing.

Non-linear Editing

In digital video editing, non-linear editing is a method that allows you to access any frame in a digital video clip regardless of sequence in the clip. The freedom to access any frame, and use a cut-and-poste method, similar to the ease of cutting and pasting text in a word processor, and allows you to easily include fades, transitions, and other effects that cannot be achieved with linear editing.

AS1-T2-In-camera editing

In camera editing is a way editing videos, filmmakers will video the scenes in which order they wish to see the video, this is very risky as you do not post camera editing and everything needs to run smoothly from the first shot, this is why many filmmakers do not like the idea of in camera editing. However this technique was used in early cinema , as many didn't use splicing, which was putting two clips together, this technique was mainly used by George Melies which was portrayed in 1896 in the film called 'The vanishing lady, as shown below.



In the video that my group created whilst using in camera editing, which is the video above. There were many different shots, that we used. In the first shot we had David walk down the stairs, we then continued this in the next shot by positioning the camera at the bottom of the stairs and had David walk down the second set of stairs.

In the next shot we positioned the camera outside the build as we made it look like after David had walked down the stairs he had left the building as we filmed him walking outside the building doors. This made it look like a continuation of the previous shot.

In the next shot i am introduced as i walk around the corner to meet david, we then engage in some dialogue and discuss where we are going to go , we then agree where we are gonna go and then walk towards the destination. We then walk towards the destination and walk around the corner.

In the next shot we make it continuos by positioning the camera behind me and david walking down the sidewalk , this then creates the effect that both shots are related as it is continued. We then walk down towards the nd of the side walk.

The next shot is in the opposite direction around the corner from the end of the side walk, in this shot you see me and David walk around the corner from the sidewalk, which suggests